Constitution · India · PART III — Fundamental Rights

Article 21 Constitution Protection of life and personal liberty

The Constitution of India · Edition: Supplied Law Library page: pocket edition attributed to Legislative Department, as on 10 September 2026; imported 6 November 2026

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

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Criminal LawSentencing to death on the day of conviction breaches Section 235(2) CrPC, and treating the ‘criminal test’ as zero is wrong. Killing the child victim to hide the rape is a grave aggravating factor, but the State did not show the convict was beyond reform given no antecedents, childhood deprivation and good prison conduct, so the sentence became life for the rest of natural life without remission. Appointing legal aid counsel on the day the star witness was examined denied effective defence, but that was cured by further cross-examination ordered under Sections 391 and 367. — Waris v. State of Madhya Pradesh, 2026 INSC 1050.

Criminal LawFair investigation is as much part of Article 21 as fair trial. After a botched probe into a minor’s rape and murder ended in acquittal, constitutional courts may order a de novo investigation by an independent SIT; the High Court was wrong to refuse because ‘golden hour’ evidence was lost, when clothes bearing foreign hair for DNA and witnesses remained available. — Kusumavati Gowda v. Government of Karnataka, 2026 INSC 1030.

Human RightsThe right to health under Article 21, with the State’s duty under Article 47, requires protecting consumers, especially children, from foods high in fat, sugar and salt and ultra-processed foods, and prompt, clear front-of-package labelling is vital for informed choice. — 3S and Our Health Society v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 988.

Criminal LawThe challenge to hanging as the only mode of execution under Section 354(5) CrPC and Section 393(5) BNSS was dismissed. Deena, later endorsed by the Constitution Bench in Shashi Nayar, settled its validity; no botched execution in India was shown, lethal injection has its own record of failures abroad, the Law Commission report is only advisory, and Parliament retained hanging in the BNSS. — Rishi Malhotra v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 873.

Criminal LawIn commercial-quantity NDPS cases, Article 21 operates within Section 37; bail to a foreign national on 2.5 years’ custody and Tofan Singh alone, without recording the twin satisfactions, was set aside. — Union of India v. Chidiebere Kingsley Nawchara, 2026 INSC 870.

Criminal LawA man arrested for an excise offence died in custody of a blunt head injury, as a magisterial inquiry found, yet the police, claiming not to have received the report, registered no FIR. That feigned ignorance was a cover-up of custodial violence; interim compensation was awarded and investigation transferred to the CBI. — Lahra Bai Tamre v. State of Chhattisgarh, 2026 INSC 840.

Human RightsMotor accident principles do not govern every stray animal case, but victims of pre-2020 incidents, before quantified schemes existed, deserve equitable lump-sum compensation, and Rs. 15 lakh was awarded. States must enforce cattle protection laws, frame compensation mechanisms for injuries by stray cattle, mandate 12-digit tagging linked to owners and health records, ensure abandoned cattle reach shelters with receipts, and appoint nodal officers. — Nisha v. Municipal Council Sangrur, 2026 INSC 774.

Criminal LawInvestigators must not threaten, coerce or use third-degree methods in custodial interrogation, and the named officers and jail authorities are jointly responsible for the accused’s safety. — State of Andhra Pradesh v. Suda Suresh Veera Venkata Naga Raju, 2026 INSC 744.

Criminal LawFair trial requires real, effective representation, not a token presence. An accused in the Samleti bus blast case, facing death, cross-examined 81 witnesses himself without counsel or amicus. Lack of representation does not automatically mean acquittal; given the gravity, the conviction was quashed and a fresh trial directed before a Special Court. — Abdul Hameed v. State of Rajasthan, 2026 INSC 734.

Criminal LawSpeedy trial covers every stage, and persistent unexplained inaction by the prosecution violates it. A complaint pending 23 years, over a transaction three decades old, still at the summons stage, was quashed. — Standard Chartered Bank v. Enforcement Officer, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2026 INSC 727.

Human RightsPrisons confine lawfully but do not suspend constitutional values; keeping prisoners over 70 or terminally ill in suffering without adequate care becomes cruel treatment. NALSA has standing to litigate for such prisoners, and though prisons are a State subject, restraint cannot mean abdication when rights are systemically violated. — National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 713.

Human RightsBecause walking along marked footpaths is a fundamental right, public authorities owe a matching enforceable duty. Wherever there is a road, a footpath must be marked out, built and kept safe, and the duty rests on development authorities, municipal bodies and panchayats. — Maniyar Iliyaz Shaik Riyaz v. P. Ayyappan, 2026 INSC 647.

Criminal LawThe right to travel abroad is part of personal liberty but not absolute; it must be weighed against the victim’s interest in a speedy trial and society’s interest in effective criminal justice. — Seesa Santosh v. State of Telangana, 2026 INSC 628.

Criminal LawSpeedy trial under Article 21 includes timely investigation. Where a complaint had been under investigation for nearly twenty years, the High Court should have intervened rather than dismissing the plea for a charge sheet on technical or alternative-remedy grounds. — Sahil Abdulsattar Mansuri v. Safimahamad Fafirbhai Mansuri, 2026 INSC 626.

Criminal LawCustody of one year and seven months, for an offence punishable with as much as 20 years, is not in itself a ground for bail on Article 21 grounds where NDPS restrictions apply. — State of Punjab v. Balraj Singh @ Billa, 2026 INSC 618.

Human RightsRead together, Articles 21 and 23 give victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation a fundamental right to rehabilitation, not just rescue and prosecution of offenders. The lack of a victim protection plan and rehabilitation facilities breached those rights, and detailed guidelines for pre-rescue, rescue, rehabilitation and repatriation were issued under Articles 32 and 142 pending central legislation. — Prajwala v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 609.

Criminal LawDetention without lawful authority, or by arbitrary or mala fide use of power, is illegal. A court order must be obeyed until stayed or set aside, and a pending or possible appeal is no excuse; a convict released on parole by the High Court but kept in jail 24 more days while the State considered appealing was awarded Rs. 11 lakh, as conviction does not lessen constitutional rights. — Daudayal v. State of Rajasthan, 2026 INSC 599.

Criminal Law‘Chastity’ must be understood through the woman’s dignity, privacy and autonomy over her sexual choices, not traditional morality. Secretly filming a woman naked and threatening to post it online imputes unchastity under Section 506 IPC (Part II), even if the two had a consensual relationship. — Vijayakumar v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2026 INSC 525.

Criminal LawThe first proviso to Section 223(1) BNSS, requiring the accused to be heard before cognizance on a complaint, is mandatory and part of fair trial under Article 21. It applies to PMLA prosecution complaints, and cognizance taken without that hearing is void. — Parvinder Singh v. Directorate of Enforcement, 2026 INSC 519.

Fair trial and pre-cognizance hearing The statutory opportunity to be heard before cognizance under the first proviso to BNSS section 223(1) is a substantive safeguard forming part of the accused’s right to a fair trial. — Parvinder Singh v. Directorate of Enforcement, 2026 INSC 519.

Human RightsArticle 21 includes freedom to use public spaces without fear of dog attacks, and animal welfare, though important, cannot outweigh human safety. Groups feeding strays on campuses must undertake liability for bites or stop, with heads of institutions accountable; officials acting in good faith on the directions are protected from prosecution save for mala fides; and NGOs engaged for sterilisation must be vetted and audited given false billing. — In Re: City Hounded by Strays, Kids Pay Price v. State of Andhra Pradesh, 2026 INSC 506.

Criminal LawThe bail bar in Section 43-D(5), UAPA, does not oust constitutional courts’ power to grant bail when the right to speedy trial is violated. With nearly six years in custody and over 350 witnesses left, the statutory bar gave way, and bail was granted. — Syed Iftikhar Andrabi v. National Investigation Agency, 2026 INSC 503.

Criminal LawProceedings pending 35 years over a quarrel about food in a police mess, for minor offences, were quashed; leaving a public servant in limbo that long violates the right to speedy trial, and High Courts should act under Section 528 BNSS or Article 226 in such cases. — Kailash Chandra Kapri v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 2026 INSC 473.

Criminal LawExtending time for investigation affects liberty and requires producing the accused, hearing him and recording real reasons. A mechanical extension made without him was illegal, so the 90 days had expired, and his right to default bail, claimed before the charge sheet, prevailed. — Md. Ariz Hasnain v. State of Jharkhand, 2026 INSC 456.

Criminal LawWhere allegations appear coloured by political rivalry, a higher threshold is needed to curtail liberty; where anticipatory bail conditions are satisfied and the truth of the charges can be examined at trial, custody for interrogation is not needed. — Pawan Khera v. State of Assam, 2026 INSC 437.

Criminal LawFor commercial quantities under the NDPS Act, recorded satisfaction on the twin conditions of Section 37 is a precondition for bail. Speedy trial under Article 21 must be read with, not against, Section 37, and long custody does not automatically dilute it; bail orders without that satisfaction were set aside. — State of Punjab v. Sukhwinder Singh @ Gora, 2026 INSC 411; AIR 2026 SC 2109.

Human RightsArticle 21 obliges the State to make roads safe. Noting that national highways carry about 30% of fatalities on 2% of road length, the Court used Article 142 to ban truck parking on carriageways, stop new structures in the right of way and clear encroachments, restrict land use near highways, deploy ambulances and cranes every 75 km, build lay-byes, fix blackspots, form district task forces and require drone surveys. — In Re: Phalodi Accident, 2026 INSC 388.

Environmental LawProtecting fragile ecosystems is part of the right to life. Mandatory interim directions under Article 142 were issued to curb widespread unlawful sand extraction in the Chambal gharial sanctuary across three States, including protection for enforcement staff against sand mafias. — In Re: Illegal Sand Mining in the National Chambal Sanctuary, 2026 INSC 380.

Human RightsThe right to live with dignity includes dying with dignity. Withdrawal of clinically assisted nutrition and hydration was permitted for a patient in a permanent vegetative state for over twelve years, since treatment that only prolongs biological existence without therapeutic purpose may be withdrawn. — Harish Rana v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 222.

Human RightsThough COVID-19 vaccination was a vital public health measure, Article 21 requires an accessible remedy for families harmed by it, and the Union was directed to frame a no-fault compensation scheme for serious adverse events and deaths. — Rachana Gangu v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 218.

Human RightsPrisoners keep their fundamental rights, and open correctional institutions serve reform and reintegration. Excluding women prisoners from them, as in several States, is gender discrimination, and States must frame gender-sensitive protocols. — Suhas Chakma v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 198.

Environmental LawThe CPCB’s January 2025 downgrade of stand-alone cement grinding units from Red to Orange category was quashed. Weakening environmental safeguards needs a scientific, proportionate basis connected to protecting health, and without it infringes the right to a clean environment. — Harbinder Singh Sekhon v. State of Punjab, 2026 INSC 159.

Education LawDignity and privacy under Article 21 include menstrual health. Stigma and lack of facilities that push girls to unsafe practices undermine dignity, and the State must provide private spaces for menstrual management. — Dr. Jaya Thakur v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 97.

Family LawUnder the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, treating widowed daughters-in-law differently depending on whether the husband died before or after his father is arbitrary and would leave them destitute. The father-in-law owes maintenance in his lifetime under Section 19, and his heirs owe it from the estate under Section 22 after his death. — Kanchana Rai v. Geeta Sharma, 2026 INSC 54.

Criminal LawA bail condition barring the accused from living in his own building, where the complainant also lives, seriously curtails Article 21 and must be reasonable, proportionate and necessary. Without material that milder measures would fail, and with trial nowhere near conclusion, it became punitive. — Sachin Yadav v. State (NCT of Delhi), Supreme Court, 2026.

Human RightsTrauma care is an element of the right to life, and fear of police harassment deters bystanders, so uniform systems and Good Samaritan protections are needed. Time-bound interim directions required merging emergency numbers into 112, grievance systems for Good Samaritans, a medical rescue protocol, GPS-tracked AIS-125 ambulances, EMT training, State trauma registries, grading of hospitals along highways, full roll-out of the PM RAHAT cashless scheme and publicity campaigns. — Savelife Foundation v. Union of India, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawNine years in custody as an undertrial grossly violates the right to speedy trial and entitles the accused to bail. — Vickki Yadav @ Vikas Yadav v. State of Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawWhere an undertrial has been held long and trial is not in sight, bail should ordinarily be granted whatever the gravity of the offence. — Sahil Manoj Machare v. State of Maharashtra, Supreme Court, 2026.

Human RightsReproductive autonomy is part of Article 21, and no court should force a woman, still less a minor, to carry an unwanted pregnancy. Exhausting the MTP Act’s limits does not bar relief under Articles 32 or 226; a normal foetus or advanced term cannot override her choice, and distress need not be a diagnosed disorder. A minor who had twice attempted suicide and was medically fit was allowed termination. — S v. Union of India, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawNearly nine years in custody without the trial ending is a gross denial of speedy trial, and bail must follow regardless of the charge. — Vaibhav Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawSpecial statutes like the UAPA and PMLA cannot be used to hold an accused indefinitely without trial. A 74-year-old in custody for eight and a half years, with only 34 of 248 witnesses examined, was granted bail on strict conditions. — Shabir Ahmed Shah v. National Investigation Agency, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawArticle 21 protects foreign nationals too. A Ugandan woman granted bail but unable to find a solvent surety should not stay in jail for poverty; such persons can be freed on their own bond and lodged in a detention centre to secure their presence. — Customs v. Faridah Nakanwagi, Supreme Court, 2026.

Environmental LawArticle 21 includes a clean and healthy environment, which the State must actively safeguard. — Bhopal Municipal Corporation v. Dr. Subhash C. Pandey, Supreme Court, 2026.

Criminal LawPMLA restrictions cannot lead to indefinite pre-trial custody. Trial had not begun, eight months’ delay was due to the ED’s own challenge, and with 208 witnesses and 63,000 pages no early end was likely; allegations of tampering while he was in custody were unsupported, so bail was granted. — Arvind Dham v. Directorate of Enforcement, 2026 INSC 12.

Criminal LawSection 436-A CrPC does not cover offences punishable with death. Liberty must be balanced against national security in such cases, and the State must ensure legal help to UAPA accused facing a reverse burden. Though the High Court erred in law, bail was not cancelled, since the trial had dragged on for 15 years and the accused had not misused liberty. — Central Bureau of Investigation v. Dayamoy Mahato, 2025 INSC 1418.

Criminal LawSection 45 of the PMLA cannot justify indefinite custody. Where trial is unlikely to finish in reasonable time, constitutional courts may grant bail to protect Article 21; a former Minister in custody for over seven months, in a document-heavy case still at the Section 207 stage, was released. — Mahesh Joshi v. Directorate of Enforcement, 2025 INSC 1377.

Family LawThe Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 must be read purposively to secure equality, dignity and financial protection under Article 21. Under Section 3(1)(d) a divorced woman can recover property given at or around the marriage, including what was given to the husband, and the amount was ordered paid into her account. — Rousanara Begum v. S.K. Salahuddin, 2025 INSC 1375.

Criminal LawBail granted while ignoring how grave the offence is, the evidence and presumptions under the statute can be annulled though there is no later misconduct. Bail to a husband in a dowry death within four months of marriage was set aside; such crimes harm society and violate Articles 14 and 21. — Yogendra Pal Singh v. Raghvendra Singh, 2025 INSC 1367.

Environmental LawTwo decades of regulatory neglect in the pollution of the Jojari, Bandi and Luni rivers, affecting about two million people, amounted to a constitutional injury. The stay on the NGT’s remedial directions was lifted, except the remarks and the Rs. 2 crore compensation, and an oversight committee under a retired High Court Judge was formed to prepare a restoration blueprint and audit treatment plants. — In Re: 2 Million Lives at Risk, Contamination in Jojari River, Rajasthan, 2025 INSC 1341.

Criminal LawFifteen years of unexplained delay in the investigation, together with a defective sanction under Section 197 CrPC, justified quashing the prosecution. Either party may approach the High Court when an investigation drags on unduly, delay being one ground among others; a supplementary charge sheet falls under Section 173(8). — Robert Lalchungnunga Chongthu v. State of Bihar, 2025 INSC 1339.

Criminal LawThe investigation was faulted for negligence, failure to secure the scene and record custody medically, botched forensics and not probing organ trade. Suspicion, however strong, is not proof beyond reasonable doubt, and the petition was allowed. — Surendra Koli v. State of U.P., 2025 INSC 1308.

Criminal LawA compelled DNA test intrudes on bodily autonomy and privacy, and must satisfy legality, a legitimate aim and proportionality. In a cheating and harassment case, paternity was only collateral, so the test was not justified. — R. Rajendran v. Kamar Nisha, 2025 INSC 1304.

Criminal LawInvestigating agencies cannot directly summon an advocate appearing in a case to extract its details. That would breach the privilege under Section 132 of the BSA and the rights under Articles 14 and 21, since a fair legal system depends on frank communication between lawyer and client. — In Re: Summoning Advocates during Investigation, 2025 INSC 1275.

Human RightsDismissing a qualified teacher for being transgender violated her dignity and livelihood. Compensation of Rs. 50,000 each from the school, the Union and two States was ordered; a committee headed by Justice Asha Menon was to draft an equal opportunity policy, the Union to frame its own within three months of the report, and States to set up welfare boards, protection cells and complaint officers, with the SHRC as appellate authority. — Jane Kaushik v. Union of India, 2025 INSC 1248.

Criminal LawJuvenility may be raised at any stage, and the Juvenile Justice Act applies to offences committed before it. A murder convict found to have been a juvenile in 1981, who had served beyond the three-year maximum, was in custody contrary to Article 21 and was released, despite having absconded for years. — Hansraj v. State of U.P., 2025 INSC 1211.

Human RightsSafe, unobstructed footpaths are part of the right to life. With over 1.7 lakh road deaths in 2023, many of them pedestrians, the State, NHAI and municipalities must build and maintain pedestrian infrastructure to IRC standards, and directions were issued on helmets, lane discipline, glaring lights and unauthorised sirens. — S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India, 2025 INSC 1189.

Criminal LawOnce witnesses are being examined, trial must proceed day to day under Section 309 CrPC (Section 346 BNSS). Recording examination-in-chief one month and cross-examination months later, without recorded reasons, defeats the right to speedy trial, which covers every stage of a criminal case. — Central Bureau of Investigation v. Mir Usman, 2025 INSC 1155.

Human RightsBeggars’ homes are places of care and rehabilitation, not prisons, and must meet standards of dignity. Directions covered health, sanitation, food, infrastructure, vocational training, legal aid and child and gender sensitivity; each State must have a monitoring committee and a digital inmate database, and pay compensation and act against officials where a death results from neglect. — M.S. Patter v. State of NCT of Delhi, 2025 INSC 1115.

Criminal LawFair trial is part of Article 21. The trial court separated an accused’s trial on its own, without notice or hearing, and directed a separate police report against him, though filing one is for the investigating agency; offences from one transaction should be tried together. — Mamman Khan v. State of Haryana, 2025 INSC 1113.

Property LawThe right to housing is protected by Article 21, and buying a home is not a mere commercial or speculative deal. The State must ensure timely possession and protect buyers from errant builders, and the Union was urged to set up a revival fund for stalled projects in insolvency. Speculative investors cannot misuse the IBC and must seek remedies under consumer law, RERA or civil suits. — Mansi Brar Fernandes v. Shubha Sharma, 2025 INSC 1110.

Human RightsHand-pulled rickshaws in Matheran are an inhuman practice that offends human dignity and the promise of social and economic justice. Maharashtra was directed to phase them out within six months and frame a rehabilitation scheme on the Kevadia model, giving e-rickshaws on hire with priority to genuine pullers and training at State cost; lack of funds, which CSR money could meet, would be no excuse. — In Re: T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India, 2025 INSC 996.

Criminal LawRemission shortens a sentence still running, whereas release on completion follows serving the full term. For a fixed term, particularly one without remission, the convict must be released on completion; detaining him beyond that violates Articles 19(1)(d) and 21. — Sukhdev Yadav @ Pehalwan v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2025 INSC 969.

Education LawMental health is part of the right to life. Noting a deepening crisis of student suicides, the Court issued interim guidelines: every educational institution must adopt a mental health policy drawing on UMMEED, Manodarpan and the national suicide prevention strategy, those with 100 or more students must have a qualified counsellor, and referral protocols and annual wellness reports are required. — Sukdeb Saha v. State of Andhra Pradesh, 2025 INSC 893.

Human RightsMonetary compensation is a proper public law remedy for violation of fundamental rights by State officials, and sovereign immunity is no defence. For brutal custodial torture, including mutilation of the genitals, Rs. 50 lakh was awarded, without prejudice to civil or criminal remedies. — Khursheed Ahmad Chohan v. Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir, 2025 INSC 876.

Human RightsThe State owes prisoners with disabilities dignity, equality and reasonable accommodation. Tamil Nadu was directed to identify them on admission, give information in accessible formats, make prisons accessible within six months with audits under the 2021 Harmonised Guidelines, provide community-level healthcare and therapy, train staff, amend its prison manual in line with the RPwD Act and UNCRPD, and set up monitoring and data collection, reporting to the SHRC. — L. Muruganantham v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2025 INSC 844.

Property LawRehabilitation over and above compensation is not a right in every acquisition; it is meant for those left destitute by losing home or livelihood. An Article 21 livelihood claim does not arise from acquisition as such, and oustees cannot insist on plots at the policy price. — Estate Officer, Haryana Urban Development Authority v. Nirmala Devi, 2025 INSC 843.

Family LawA secretly recorded phone conversation between spouses is admissible in matrimonial proceedings. Section 122 of the Evidence Act protects the marriage, not individual privacy, and its exception must be read with the right to a fair trial; privacy as a fundamental right does not apply horizontally between spouses. Spouses snooping on each other already shows a broken marriage. — Vibhor Garg v. Neha, 2025 INSC 829.

Human RightsAnyone reporting a crime at a police station must be treated with dignity. The SHRC’s award of Rs. 2 lakh, recoverable from an inspector who refused to register the FIR and abused the complainant’s mother, was upheld. — Pavul Yesu Dhasan v. Registrar, State Human Rights Commission, 2025 INSC 677.

Property LawPrayagraj Development Authority demolished homes after notices were merely affixed without trying personal service, and within a day of a later communication, leaving no time to appeal under Section 27(2). This breached natural justice and the right to shelter; Rs. 10 lakh compensation was ordered for each of six owners, and the demolition guidelines must be followed. — Zulfiquar Haider v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 2025 INSC 480.

Free Speech & MediaCourts must vigilantly guard free expression as part of a dignified life. The effect of words is judged by the standard of reasonable, firm-minded people, and views must be protected even if many dislike them; poetry, drama, film, satire and art enrich human life. — Imran Pratapgadhi v. State of Gujarat, 2025 INSC 410.

Human RightsTo protect the privacy and dignity of nursing mothers, the Union was told to remind States and Union territories to provide feeding and child-care rooms in existing and new public buildings. — Maatr Sparsh v. Union of India, 2025 INSC 302.

Criminal LawA UAPA undertrial in custody since 2020, with the prosecution proposing 100 witnesses, many repetitive, was granted bail. The right to a speedy trial applies whatever the offence, and courts should use the CrPC to keep trials moving, since delay harms accused, victims and the system alike. — Tapas Kumar Palit v. State of Chhattisgarh, 2025 INSC 222; AIR 2025 SC 940.

Family LawDescribing a woman in a void marriage as an ‘illegitimate wife’ or ‘faithful mistress’ is misogynistic and offends her dignity under Article 21, particularly as men are never so described. Courts should use the language in the Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes. — Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur, 2025 INSC 197.

Human RightsExamination facilities such as scribes and extra time must reach all persons with disabilities, not only those with benchmark disabilities. The 2022 Office Memorandum, limited to writing difficulty and lacking alternative modes and grievance redress, was to be revised within two months. — Gulshan Kumar v. Institute of Banking Personnel Selection, 2025 INSC 142; AIR 2025 SC 1063; (2025) 4 SCC 90.

Criminal LawA High Court in revision cannot turn an acquittal into a conviction, Section 401(3) CrPC expressly forbidding it, and it convicted the accused without hearing them. The 2009 proviso to Section 372 giving victims an appeal is not retrospective. The acquittal was restored and the State ordered to pay Rs. 5 lakh to each appellant for the violation of their rights. — Mahabir v. State of Haryana, 2025 INSC 120.

Human RightsClean, functional toilets are an aspect of life with dignity, and the State must provide them under Articles 21, 47 and 48A. Every court and tribunal must have separate toilets for men, women, persons with disabilities and transgender persons; each High Court must form a committee to survey and implement this, with maintenance, grievance redress, child-friendly and nursing facilities, sanitary pad dispensers and dedicated funds, reporting in four months. — Rajeeb Kalita v. Union of India, 2025 INSC 75; AIR 2025 SC 468.

Criminal LawA convict kept in prison for about 4.7 years after completing his sentence was unlawfully detained, and the State was ordered to pay Rs. 25 lakh compensation. High Courts were asked to look into other prisoners held beyond their terms. — Sohan Singh @ Bablu v. State of Madhya Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2025.

Human RightsAccessible, unobstructed footpaths are part of Article 21, and States and Union territories were told to frame pedestrian safety rules to IRC standards, with a National Road Safety Board contemplated by Section 215B of the Motor Vehicles Act. Separately, the Union was directed to frame by 14 March 2025 a cashless treatment scheme for accident victims in the golden hour under Section 162(2), finding its draft cap of Rs. 1.5 lakh and seven days inadequate, and insurers were to clear pending hit-and-run claims through a portal. — S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India, Supreme Court, 2025.

Criminal LawFor the insanity defence under Section 84 IPC it is enough for the accused to create a reasonable doubt about his mind at the time of the act. Prosecution evidence itself suggested his mental instability, a medical examination five years later was of no use, and the murder conviction was set aside. — Dashrath Patra v. State of Chhattisgarh, Supreme Court, 2025.

Criminal LawAn appeal against conviction is part of Article 21. Dismissing it for a 1,637-day delay, treating absence for work as absconding without weighing the reasons, was wrong; the delay was condoned and the appeal restored. — Mahesh Singh Banzara v. State of Madhya Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2025.

Criminal LawBail is not a punishment to withhold. An undertrial in custody for four years, with charges not yet framed and some eighty witnesses to examine, was granted bail; the right to a speedy trial applies whatever the offence. — Javed Gulam Nabi Shaikh v. State of Maharashtra, (2024) 9 SCC 813.

Criminal LawThe PMLA’s twin conditions must be balanced with personal liberty; the constitutional mandate of a speedy trial prevails where incarceration is prolonged without trial. — Prem Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 2024 SC 4286.

Criminal LawFailure to implement Section 19(6) of the POCSO Act and the victim-support provisions denies child victims dignity under Article 21. The State must provide shelter, support and financial help to enable their rehabilitation. — In Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents, AIR 2024 SC 4004.

Criminal LawBail conditions must stay within Section 437(3) and restrict liberty only as far as necessary, given the presumption of innocence. A condition requiring the accused to share a Google Maps pin, enabling real-time tracking, violates privacy and was deleted. — Frank Vitus v. Narcotics Control Bureau, AIR 2024 SC 3418; (2024) 8 SCC 415.

Criminal LawRestrictive bail provisions in special statutes cannot stop a constitutional court from granting bail where Article 21 is infringed by prolonged custody, and bail cannot be refused merely because the charges are grave. The prosecution must ensure serious cases are tried quickly. — Sheikh Javed Iqbal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 2024 SC 3579; (2024) 8 SCC 293.

Consumer LawThe right to health includes a consumer’s right to know the quality of products. Manufacturers, advertisers, endorsers and agencies share responsibility for misleading health advertisements. — Indian Medical Association v. Union of India, (2024) 8 SCC 46.

Human RightsDignity includes self-regard and social standing. Stereotypes about a community make its members ‘invisible victims’ and impair their right to live with self-respect, so a person’s history sheet must be handled with care. — Amanatullah Khan v. Commissioner of Police, AIR 2024 SC 2340; (2024) 6 SCC 804.

Criminal LawPre-trial detention, though authorised by law, deprives liberty and must be reasonable and proportionate to the gravity of the alleged offence. The UAPA accused was granted bail. — Shoma Kanti Sen v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2024 SC 2169; (2024) 6 SCC 591.

Family LawReproductive choice, including abortion, is part of Article 21, and the pregnant person’s consent is paramount; family or partner cannot override it. Where a minor and her guardian disagree, the minor’s view weighs heavily. — A (Mother of X) v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2024 SC 2499; (2024) 6 SCC 327.

Environmental LawBecause Article 21 guarantees a pollution-free environment, public objections to draft environmental notifications cannot casually be dispensed with under Rule 5(4). — Noble M. Paikada v. Union of India, AIR 2024 SC 1871.

Human RightsThe right to live with dignity under Article 21, read with Article 47, includes the right to food and other basic necessities. — Anun Dhawan v. Union of India, AIR 2024 SC 1248.

Civil ProcedureDelay in giving judgments, or pronouncing the result without reasons for long, undermines litigants’ rights under Article 21 and public trust. Where only the operative part is announced, reasons should follow promptly, ideally within five days. — Ratilal Jhaverbhai Parmar v. State of Gujarat, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawSection 37 of the NDPS Act does not prevent bail when the trial is unduly delayed; prolonged incarceration engages Article 21 and can justify conditional liberty. — Ankur Chaudhary v. State of Madhya Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawEven under special statutes with twin bail conditions, ‘bail is the rule, jail the exception’ holds. Long custody with no early end to the trial, for an offence carrying at most seven years, warranted bail under the PMLA. — Vijay Nair v. Directorate of Enforcement, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawNo scheduled offence existed when the PMLA complaint was filed, and adding one later did not cure that. Given prolonged custody, the accused were granted bail. — Laxmikant Tiwari v. Directorate of Enforcement, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawLiberty is the soul of the Constitution. Repeatedly adjourning bail matters denies Article 21, and High Courts must decide them promptly. — Amol Vitthal Vahile v. State of Maharashtra, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawOnce a court holds an accused entitled to bail, it cannot defer the release; postponing it violates Article 21. — Jitendra Paswan Satya Mitra v. State of Bihar, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawSuspension of sentence under Section 389 CrPC can extend to a fine, which is itself a punishment. Impossible deposit conditions may defeat the right of appeal; here suspension was made conditional on depositing Rs. 15 lakh. — Central Bureau of Investigation v. Ashok Sirpal, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawAn Article 32 petition complaining that a High Court has not heard a criminal appeal is not maintainable. Judicial delay is part of the judicial process, and the Supreme Court has no superintendence over High Courts; the remedy is an application for bail pending appeal. — Ganpat @ Ganapat v. State of Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2024.

Human RightsThe Court laid down mandatory guidelines for habeas corpus and protection pleas by intimate partners, including LGBTQ+, inter-faith and inter-caste couples. These cover priority listing, no probing of the relationship, private interaction with the detained person, immediate release if the person so wishes, and no ‘counselling’ to change sexual orientation or gender identity. — Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala, Supreme Court, 2024.

Criminal LawThere is no fundamental right to bear arms. Noting the rise in crime with unlicensed firearms, the Court directed committees in each State and Union territory, headed by the Chief Secretary, to prepare action plans against illegal arms. — Rajendra Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2024.

Family LawThere is no express fundamental right to marry, but constitutional values protect a person’s choice of whether, when and whom to marry. The majority declined to recognise a right for same-sex couples to marry or form civil unions, leaving it to Parliament. — Supriyo v. Union of India, 2023 INSC 920.

Criminal LawAn accused must be able to know and understand the material relied on against him in the charge sheet; this is the essence of Article 21 and of Sections 207 and 208 CrPC. — Central Bureau of Investigation v. Narottam Dhakad, 2023 INSC 770.

Criminal LawThe right to a fair trial under Article 21 runs through investigation, inquiry, trial, appeal and revision. — Sathyan v. State of Kerala, 2023 INSC 703.

Criminal LawA fair appeal requires the appellate court to have the trial record under Section 385 CrPC, and depending on the facts, deciding an appeal without it may violate Article 21. — Jitendra Kumar Rode v. Union of India, 2023 INSC 419.

Human RightsThe right to health is part of the right to life, and unnecessary hysterectomies performed on women under a government health scheme seriously violated their fundamental rights. — Dr. Narendra Gupta v. Union of India, 2023 INSC 322.

Human RightsA Constitution Bench simplified the 2018 guidelines on living wills and advance directives, making it easier to give effect to the right to die with dignity through passive euthanasia. — Common Cause v. Union of India, (2023) 1 SCR 1137; 2023 INSC 77.

Constitutional LawThe State must affirmatively protect a person’s life and liberty even against threats from other citizens or private bodies. — Kaushal Kishore v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2023) 4 SCC 1; 2023 INSC 4.

Human RightsSexual violence against women during the ethnic strife in Manipur was condemned as a grave violation of the dignity, liberty and autonomy protected by Part III; mob violence often relies on the impunity of numbers. — Dinganglung Gangmei v. Mutum Churamani Meetei, Supreme Court, 2023.

Service LawReproduction and child-rearing are aspects of privacy and dignity protected by Article 21; denying maternity leave because the employee had cared for her husband’s children from an earlier marriage was not sustainable. — Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal, AIR 2022 SC 4108.

Criminal LawArrest is not a punishment. Arresting someone mechanically, without applying the safeguards in Section 41 CrPC, abuses the power, and criminal process must not be turned into an instrument of harassment. — Mohammed Zubair v. State of NCT of Delhi, AIR 2022 SC 3649.

Criminal LawThe accused’s examination under Section 313 CrPC is a valuable opportunity to explain the evidence and establish innocence, and it forms part of the constitutional right to a fair trial. — Jai Prakash Tiwari v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 2022 SC 3601.

Criminal LawA speedy trial is part of Article 21, and long delays in trial, appeal or revision while a person is in custody infringe it whatever the offence. The Court laid down guidelines on bail and arrest. — Satender Kumar Antil v. Central Bureau of Investigation, AIR 2022 SC 3386; (2022) 10 SCC 51.

Criminal LawA fair and speedy trial is the right of the victim as much as the accused, but haste must not come at the cost of due procedure, such as the duty to provide legal aid under Section 304 CrPC and Article 39A. — Mohd Firoz v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 2022 SC 1967; (2022) 7 SCC 443.

Human RightsHealth is inseparable from the right to life, since without it the capacities of living lose their meaning. — Baiju K.G. v. Dr. V.P. Joy, 2022 (8) SCALE 275.

Human RightsBodily integrity and personal autonomy, including the right to refuse medical treatment, are part of Article 21, so no one can be physically forced to take a vaccine. Government may still impose reasonable and proportionate limits on unvaccinated persons where public health is at stake. — Jacob Puliyel v. Union of India, 2022 (7) SCALE 256.

Human RightsWhen life is lost through breach of public safety duties, compensation is payable even if the statute does not provide for it. Article 21 is read into public safety laws, imposing a high duty of care on the State and event organisers, and violations may be pursued under Article 32 or 226. — Sanjay Gupta v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2022) 7 SCC 203.

Service LawKeeping families together is an aspect of Article 21, which is relevant when framing transfer and posting policies for spouses. — S.K. Nausad Rahman v. Union of India, AIR 2022 SC 1494.

Criminal LawA citizen’s personal liberty may be curtailed only by following the procedure the law prescribes. — Devadassan v. Second Class Executive Magistrate, AIR 2022 SC 1406.

Constitutional LawFreedom from unjustified custody lies at the irreducible core of personal liberty. — Sunil Kumar Rai v. State of Bihar, 2022 (4) SCALE 199.

Constitutional LawArticle 21 reaches even the expulsion or suspension of a legislator. Suspending members for a year, well beyond the remainder of the session, was held unconstitutional. — Ashish Shelar v. Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, AIR 2022 SC 721.

Criminal LawEvery accused is entitled to a fair trial as part of the guarantee of life and personal liberty. — Bhagwani v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 2022 SC 527.

Human RightsDignity under Article 21 extends to a person’s body after death, and the family may perform last rites according to its faith. A buried body should ordinarily not be disturbed, and the Union was asked to consider a law on exhumation. — Mohammed Latif Magrey v. Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Supreme Court, 2022.

Human RightsLiving amid communal violence infringes the right to a dignified life. The State’s failure to maintain law and order during the 1992–93 Mumbai riots entitled the affected residents to compensation from the State Government. — Shakeel Ahmed v. Union of India, Supreme Court, 2022.

Criminal LawA free and fair trial is indispensable under Article 21; justice must also be seen to be done, and a biased trial undermines public confidence in the criminal justice system. The Court transferred the trial out of the State on this footing. — Suneetha Narreddy v. Central Bureau of Investigation, Supreme Court, 2022.

Human RightsRecognising privacy concerns, including a claim to be forgotten, the Court asked its Registry to explore masking the parties’ names and addresses so that they are not picked up by search engines. — X v. Y, Supreme Court, 2022.

Human RightsSex workers and their children are entitled to basic dignity. The Court directed States and Union territories to secure conditions for them to live with dignity, told police not to abuse them, and asked the Press Council to protect their identities during raids and rescues. — Budhadev Karmaskar v. State of West Bengal, Supreme Court, 2022.

Constitutional LawNo grievance about personal liberty is too small for the Supreme Court. Intervening in such cases under Articles 32 and 136 is simply part of its constitutional duty. — Iqram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court, 2022.

Criminal LawAccess to justice requires positive steps to remove both physical and psychological barriers faced by vulnerable witnesses, so that their dignity is not compromised by insensitive court procedures. — Smruti Tukaram Badade v. State of Maharashtra, Supreme Court, 2022.

Criminal LawEven when the State prosecutes, it must do so consistently with the accused’s right to a fair trial. — S.P. Velumani v. Arappor Iyakkam, Supreme Court, 2022.

Source document ↗

Judgments on Article 21

OCT 202629THU

LOK 2026 (10) SC 294 · Supreme Court of India

Arjun Gopal v. Union of India

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 1181

SubjectEnvironmental Law

JudgesJustice M.M. Sundresh, Justice Prasanna B. Varale

ActsThe Constitution of India, Constitution of India — Articles 21 and 25(1)

Constitution of India — Articles 21 and 25(1) — Precautionary Principle — Applications concerning firecracker restrictions in Delhi-NCR — Court examined the inadequate implementation of earlier orders, lack of sufficient comparative air-quality and public-health data, and illegal conventional crackers sold as green crackers. Instead of…

OCT 202628WED

LOK 2026 (10) Ker. 280 · High Court of Kerala

Mary Victoria v. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India

SubjectConstitution

JudgesJustice P.V. Kunhikrishnan

ActsThe Constitution of India, Constitution of India — Article 21

Constitution of India — Article 21 — Mortal remains of an Indian citizen who died in the UAE on 26 March 2025 remained in a forensic laboratory in Ajman amid conflicting demands by relatives regarding the place of burial. An interim order dated 22 October…

OCT 20267WED

LOK 2026 (10) Ker. 73 · High Court of Kerala

Goshree Islands Development Authority (GIDA) v. Tritvam Apartment Owners Association (TAOA)

Equivalent citations: 2026 KER 76784

SubjectTown Planning

JudgesJustice Dr. A.K. Jayasankaran Nambiar, Justice Preeta A.K

ActsThe Constitution of India, Kerala Town and Country Planning Act, 2016

Reclaimed land (25 hectares in Sy.No.843 of Ernakulam Village) assigned to Goshree Islands Development Authority (GIDA) under patta for the Vypeen Bridges Project is vested in GIDA for development purposes, to the exclusion of any titular interest of the Kochi Municipal Corporation, as the land…

SEP 202624THU

LOK 2026 (9) SC 246 · Supreme Court of India

Renuka Jain v. State of NCT of Delhi

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 1100

SubjectCriminal Law

JudgesJustice Ujjal Bhuyan, Justice Atul S. Chandurkar

ActsThe Constitution of India, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Constitution of India - Article 21, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS) - Section 528

A victim or de facto complainant is a vital stakeholder in the criminal justice system and is not merely limited to the role of a prosecution witness. Like the accused, the victim possesses a vested constitutional right to a fair and speedy trial guaranteed under…

SEP 202621MON

LOK 2026 (9) SC 218 · Supreme Court of India

Kusumavati Gowda v. Government of Karnataka

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 1030 : 2026 KLT OnLine 4596 : AIR 2026 SC 4519

SubjectCriminal Law

JudgesJustice Sanjay Kumar, Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva

ActsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, The Constitution of India, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Penal Code 1860 - Secions 302 & 376

In a case involving the brutal rape and murder of a 17-year-old girl, the accused initially charged was acquitted by the Trial Court on finding no evidence connecting him to the crime and pointing out severe lapses in the investigation. The victim's parent filed a…

SEP 202621MON

LOK 2026 (9) SC 213 · Supreme Court of India

Jaskaran Jeet Singh Deol v. State of Punjab

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 1022

SubjectCriminal Law

JudgesJustice Ujjal Bhuyan, Justice Atul S. Chandurkar

ActsThe Constitution of India, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Constitution of India — Articles 21, 22(1), and 22(2)

Appellant was arrested in connection with FIR No. 73/2026 alleging offences under Sections 64, 65(1), and 351 BNS, 2023 read with Section 6 POCSO Act. Upon production before the Magistrate, he was ordered to be released immediately due to the failure of the police to…

AUG 202620THU

LOK 2026 (8) SC 232 · Supreme Court of India

Shiv Pratap Singh @ Chinu v. State of U.P.

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 894

SubjectCriminal

JudgesJustice J.B. Pardiwala, Justice K. Vinod Chandran

ActsThe Constitution of India, Uttar Pradesh Gangsters and Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act 1986 and Rules 2022

The Court addressed appeals from individuals, including legal professionals, who were prosecuted based on a "Gang Chart" prepared by police and administrative officials. A central finding of the ruling is that the Act is effectively "stillborn" because it fails to explicitly create or define a…

AUG 202618TUE

LOK 2026 (8) SC 184 · Supreme Court of India

Rishi Malhotra v. Union of India

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 873 : AIR 2026 SC 3945

SubjectPractice and Procedure

JudgesJustice Vikram Nath, Justice Sandeep Mehta

ActsThe Constitution of India, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Constitutionality of execution by hanging

This judgment regarding a legal challenge to the constitutionality of execution by hanging. The petitioner argued that hanging is a barbaric and cruel method that violates the right to die with dignity under Article 21, suggesting lethal injection as a more humane alternative. However, the…

MAY 202629FRI

LOK 2026 (5) SC 295 · Supreme Court of India

Daudayal v. State of Rajasthan

Equivalent citations: 2026 INSC 599 : AIR 2026 SC 2916

SubjectDetention

JudgesJustice Sanjay Karol, Justice Augustine George Masih

ActsThe Constitution of India, Constitution of India 1950 — Article 21 - Article 226 - Article 32

Deprivation of personal liberty by the State without lawful authority or in violation of constitutional provisions constitutes illegal detention. Once a competent court orders the release of a prisoner on parole and sureties are verified, continued detention without a stay order from a superior court…

MAR 202623MON

LOK 2026 (3) Ker. 232 · High Court of Kerala

Metropolitan Archbishop v. Knanaya Catholic Naveekarana Samithy

SubjectMarriage

JudgesJustice Easwaran S

ActsThe Constitution of India, Constitution of India - Articles 21 and 25

Constitution of India - Articles 21 and 25 - Practice of endogamy among the Knanaya Christians is not an essential religious practice and excommunicating members for marrying outsiders violates their fundamental rights.

MAY 20231MON

LOK 2023 (5) SC 15 · Supreme Court of India

Judgebir Singh v. National Investigation Agency

Equivalent citations: 2023 INSC 472 : 2023 (6) SCR 1 : AIR 2023 SC (Cri) 937 : (2023) 17 SCC 48 : 2023 (2) Crimes 207 : JT 2023 (5) SC 226 : 2023 (7) Scale 559 : 2023 (3) KLT (SN) 42 : 2023 KHC (Online) 6490

SubjectBail, Criminal Law

JudgesJustice Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud, CJI, Justice J.B. Pardiwala

ActsBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, The Constitution of India, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, 173(2), 173(5), 173(8) and 193, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, 43D and 45, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967

Filing a chargesheet within time satisfies Section 167 Cr.P.C.; absence of UAPA sanction or cognizance within 180 days gives no right to default bail, and filing before a Magistrate instead of the NIA Special Court does not change that.

MAY 20175FRI

LOK 2017 (5) SC 55 · Supreme Court of India

Mukesh v. State For Nct Of Delhi.

Subject–

JudgesJustice R. Banumathi

ActsBharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, The Constitution of India, Evidence Act, 1872

APR 201728FRI

LOK 2017 (4) SC 285 · Supreme Court of India

Pawan Kumar v. State Of H. P.

Subject–

Judges–

ActsThe Constitution of India, 15 and 21, Constitution of India

APR 201719WED

LOK 2017 (4) SC 192 · Supreme Court of India

State (through) Central Bureau of Investigation v. Shri Kalyan Singh (former CM of UP) & Ors.

Subject–

JudgesJustice Pinaki Chandra Ghose, Justice R.F. Nariman

ActsThe Constitution of India, Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, 141, 142, 142(1) and 361, Constitution of India

MAR 20179THU

LOK 2017 (3) SC 912 · Supreme Court of India

Hussain v. Union Of India

Subject–

Judges–

ActsThe Constitution of India, Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

FEB 201715WED

LOK 2017 (2) SC 159 · Supreme Court of India

Asha Ranjan v. State Of Bihar & Ors.

Subject–

JudgesJustice Dipak Misra, Justice Amitava Roy

ActsPrevention of Corruption Act, 1988, The Constitution of India, Prisoners Act, 1900, Prisons Act, 1894, Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, Specific Relief Act, 1963

FEB 20171WED

LOK 2017 (2) SC 12 · Supreme Court of India

Umarmia Alias Mamumia v. State Of Gujarat

Subject–

JudgesJustice S. A. Bobde, Justice L. Nageswara Rao

ActsThe Constitution of India

JAN 201716MON

LOK 2017 (1) SC 164 · Supreme Court of India

Meera Santosh Pal And Ors v. Union Of India And Ors

Subject–

JudgesJustice S. A. Bobde, Justice L. Nageswara Rao

ActsThe Constitution of India

JAN 20176FRI

LOK 2017 (1) SC 62 · Supreme Court of India

State Of Telangana v. Habib Abdullah Jeelani & Ors.

Subject–

Judges–

ActsThe Constitution of India

JAN 20175THU

LOK 2017 (1) SC 53 · Supreme Court of India

Secretary Mahatama Gandhi Mission & Another v. Bhartiya Kamgar Sena & Others

Subject–

Judges–

ActsThe Constitution of India, Maharashtra University Act, 1994, Maharashtra Universities Act, 1994, 21, 43 and 162, Constitution of India

All 204 judgments →